Java binary computability is almost correct version 2∝

The Java language description is unusual in that it defines the effect of interleaving separate compilation and source code modifications. In Java, certain source code modifications, such as adding a method to a class, are defined as binary compatible. The Java language description does not require the re-compilation of programs importing classes or interfaces which were modified in binary compatible ways, and it claims that successful linking and execution of the altered program is guaranteed. In this paper we show that Java binary compatibility does not actually guarantee successful linking and execution. We then suggest a framework in which we formalize the requirement of safe linking and execution without re-compilation and we propose a more modest definition of binary compatibility. We prove for a substantial subset of Java, that our definition guarantees safe linking and execution

The Jahn-Teller active fluoroperovskites ACrF3A\mathrm{CrF_3} A=Na+,K+A=\mathrm{Na^+},\mathrm{K^+}: thermo- and magneto optical correlations as function of the AA-site

Chromium (II) fluoroperovskites $A\mathrm{CrF_3}(A\mathrm{=Na^+,K^+})$ are strongly correlated Jahn-Teller active materials at low temperatures. In this paper, we examine the role that the $A$-site ion plays in this family of fluoroperovskites using both experimental methods (XRD, optical absorption spectroscopy and magnetic fields) and DFT simulations. Temperature-dependent optical absorption experiments show that the spin-allowed transitions $E_2$ and $E_3$ only merge completely for $A$= Na at 2 K. Field-dependent optical absorption measurements at 2 K show that the oscillating strength of the spin-allowed transitions in $\mathrm{NaCrF_3}$ increases with increasing applied field. Direct magneto-structural correlations which suppress the spin-flip transitions are observed for ${\rm KCrF_3}$ below its Ne\'el temperature. In ${\rm NaCrF_3}$ the spin-flip transitions vanish abruptly below 9 K revealing magneto-optical correlations not linked to crystal structure changes. This suggests that as the long range ordering is reduced local JT effects in the individual ${\rm CrF_6^{4-}}$ octahedra take control of the observed behavior. Our results show clear deviation from the pattern found for the isoelectronic $A_x{\rm MnF}_{3+x}$ system. The size of the $A$-site cation is shown to be central in dictating the physical properties and phase transitions in $A{\rm CrF}_3$, opening up the possibility of varying the composition to create novel states of matter with tuneable properties

Determination of the nature of the Cu coordination complexes formed in the presence of NO and NH3 within SSZ-13

Ammonia-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) using Cu zeolites is a well-established strategy for the abatement of NOx gases. Recent studies have demonstrated that Cu is particularly active when exchanged into the SSZ-13 zeolite, and its location in either the 6r or 8r renders it an excellent model system for fundamental studies. In this work, we examine the interaction of NH3-SCR relevant gases (NO and NH3) with the Cu2+ centers within the SSZ-13 structure, coupling powder diffraction (PD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS), and density functional theory (DFT). This combined approach revealed that, upon calcination, cooling and gas exposure Cu ions tend to locate in the 8r window. After NO introduction, Cu-ions are seen to coordinate to two framework oxygens and one NO molecule, resulting in a bent Cu-nitrosyl complex with a Cu-N-O bond angle of similar to 150 degrees. Whilst Cu seems to be partially reduced/changed in coordination state, NO is partially oxidized. On exposure to NH3 while the PD data suggest the Cu2+ ion occupies a similar position, simulation and XAFS pointed toward the formation of a Jahn-Teller distorted hexaamine complex [Cu(NH3)(6)](2+) in the center of the cha cage. These results have important implications in terms of uptake and storage of these reactive gases and potentially for the mechanisms involved in the NH3-SCR process

We need to talk about… differentiation

Differentiation has been one of the main teaching strategies used to support inclusion in the classroom when teaching a diverse class of pupils who vary in ability and needs. In England, the Teachers’ Standards 5 (DFE, 2021) is clear that teachers need to ‘know when and how to differentiate appropriately, using approaches which enable pupils to be taught effectively’ (p.11). This aim is challenging, as differentiation is a complex and a broad teaching approach that incorporates many practices to improve inclusion. It involves a multitude of professional decisions that the teacher must make during a lesson. This article will explore differentiation, the misconceptions associated with it, and classroom practices to support differentiation

How can mastery learning promote inclusion in the science classroom?

Mastery learning is not a new concept, as it has been around for many years and will continue to feature in the educational scene as educators explore how it can be utilised to promote learning, despite the varying views regarding its impact on pupils’ learning and progress. The purpose of this article is to amplify the concept of mastery learning and its place in promoting inclusive learning among science pupils, and to highlight reasons why this pedagogy should be considered by science teachers

The abolition of the General Teaching Council for England and the future of teacher discipline

With the abolition of the General Teaching Council for England in the 2011 Education Act, this article considers the future of teacher discipline in England. It provides a critique of the changes to the regulation of teacher misconduct and incompetence that draws on a Foucauldian framework, especially concerning the issue of public displays of discipline and the concomitant movement to more hidden forms. In addition, the external context of accountability that accompanies the reforms to teacher discipline are considered including the perfection of the panoptic metaphor presented by the changes to Ofsted practices such as the introduction of zero-notice inspections. The article concludes that the reforms will further move teachers from being occupational professionals to being organisational professionals marking them apart from comparable professions in medicine and law

Phenotypic and functional characteristics of highly differentiated CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells in HIV-1- infected individuals

Natural killer (NK) cells are important anti-viral effector cells. The function and phenotype of the NK cells that constitute an individual’s NK cell repertoire can be influenced by ongoing and/or previous viral infections. Indeed, infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) drives the expansion of a highly differentiated NK cell population characterized by expression of CD57 and the activating NKG2C receptor. This NK cell population has also been noted to occur in HIV-1-infected individuals. We evaluated the NK cells of HIV-1-infected and –uninfected individuals to determine the relative frequency of highly differentiated CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells and characterize these cells for their receptor expression and responsiveness to diverse stimuli. Highly differentiated CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells occurred at higher frequencies in HCMV-infected donors relative to HCMV-uninfected donors and were dramatically expanded in HIV-1/HCMV co-infected donors. The expanded CD57 +NKG2C + NK cell population in HIV-1-infected donors remained stable following antiretroviral therapy. CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells derived from HIV-1-infected individuals were robustly activated by antibody-dependent stimuli that contained anti-HIV-1 antibodies or therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody, and these NK cells mediated cytolysis through NKG2C. Lastly, CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells from HIV-1-infected donors were characterized by reduced expression of the inhibitory NKG2A receptor. The abundance of highly functional CD57 +NKG2C + NK cells in HIV-1-infected individuals raises the possibility that these NK cells could play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis or serve as effector cells for therapeutic/cure strategies